Relationship between Economy and Environment of the Natural Rubber Plantation in Major Producers

Thailand, Indonesia, Viet Nam, and India are the major natural rubber producers to date. Natural has become one of largest export commodities in these countries. It creates job opportunities for smallholders as well contributes national economy growth. However, a large-scale plantation results environmental issues such nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission which is obtained from use synthetic fertilizer during cultivation process. The postulate Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) was employed examine relationship between environment using secondary data ranging 2005 2018. Therefore, N O represents degradation regressed with value production proxy growth fixed effect model on panel regression analysis. Results show that there an inverted U-shape curve emissions production. Hence, this study supports EKC’s hypothesis. In addition, found average not yet reached turning point EKC. Some suggestions were made order increase productivity while maintaining reducing